Wiki!?
Sequence: Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom...?
• IMKE is not only about information, but knowledge (unlike ICT)
Different knowledge can be constructed of same information!
• Cognition
Cognitive science is a cross disciplinary science bridging several disciplines
Information-Knowledge involves transformation:
• confusion - understanding
• neutral - interpreted
• common - private
• bottom - up
Are animals conscious?
Are machines conscious?
• Is there such thing as consiousness? Dennett
• Homunculus
• (Scaruffi 2001, A simple theory of consciousness)
• (Searle 1992)
Memory has a central role in making sense of the world.
• Sensory memory
Short time memory: E.g., Miller's Magical Number of Seven (1956)
Long time memory: Memories of childhood
• Memory as a process, long-term changes
• Context dependence of memory
• Seven Sins of Memory (preview)
• Feeling, emotion, affect are part of cognition (Damasio)
Feeling and emotion tend to blend with rationality and logic!
• Holism
• Embodied mind
• Situated mind
• Mind as emergent patterns
• Mind as motion
Article: Gibson's Ecological approach applied to gaming
Mauri: Offers an interpretative framework for online communities
• Mauri's slides in Virtual '07, Haninge, Sweden, Sept 21 2007
• Ontology is a core issue in media design
Major global project in the Internet: the Semantic Web initiative
• Multi-perspective media as a potential for CCM
• Is a kind of self-organization
• Puts data into its larger context
• Date
• Creator
Mauri: The set of defining properties of a content domain.
Gruber: Ontology is the specification of conceptualization
Ontologies are always there, even when they are implicit (usually).
• priorities, preferences
values of the author or owner of the medium.
• rules
• priorities
• the sequence or access path to content
=> No such things as neutral messages, or neutral media!
Who defines the ontology?
Media design:
• Content that is conceived as important made accessible on a hierarchically high level, while
secondary content is buried in the hierarchy.
=> Ontology is a core issue in media design!
• Fixed perspective
Implicit:
• Embedded in the structure, presentation order or hierarchy
• Assume a priori language, vocabularies, terminology, concepts, e.g. in literature
• Examples
US Congress Library
Carl Linnaeus (Linne')
• Carl Linnaeus' built an extensive taxnomical system of botanics
• Linneaeus botanical taxonomy
• Library classification systems, e.g. US Congress Library classification system
Databases, operating systems etc.
• Search engines, e.g. Yahoo, Google
Website architectures, e.g. web pages, sites, http://www.tlu.ee
The web before semantic web
The web after the semantic web
Describe domains of information without a fixed perspective.
Each ontodimension represents a property individual items may or may not have.
Apply to different degrees to each individual item of the domain.
Application areas:
• unbiased knowledge building
• pedagogical purposes
• equality
• ethical content
Numeric matrix: Each item taking a value between 0 and 1 on a dimension
Number of dimension open: New features can be added and existing ones may be ignored at will
• (Content sharing discussed earlier)
• Filckr
• YouTube
• Del.icio.us
• CiteULike
• Shelfari
Etc.
=> Tag space:
• Each tag constitutes an ontological dimension (coordinate)
• How often the tag has been used for each item consitutes the item's position along the particular dimension (coordinate)
• Media particularly designed to support multiple equally right/true perspectives to the same domain
• Interactive exploration of multiple perspectives defined by the user
As a collaborative community, contribute to the spatial Likings data, using Google Spreadsheet:
1) Insert (Insert/Column left) a few descriptive columns (="tag dimension"), referring to likings of a community member.
2) Add a line describing yourself, adding a decimal value between 1 and 0 to each column, corresponding to your liking. NOTE: Keep doing this every time someone adds a column.
3) Download this file http://www.tlu.ee/imke/intronm/data/Likings.txt and upload here.
4) Explore the Likings metaspace by setting your PERSPECTIVE, that is, the priority of dimensions you want to consider, using the sliders:
• 0 = ignore dimension
• 0.5 = kind of important dimension
• 1= fully take into account
NOTE: Mauri needs to update this manually (=> not intermediate response)
4) Take snapshots of visualized clusterings from your chosen perspective and NAME them:
• Potential sub-communities (e.g. Carrot-Brahms party)
• Opposing groups
5) Upload the screenshots with your observations to wiki!
Ideas for applications?
Usability problems?
• Practicalities for the exam
• Street excursion
Last time
Shared tags on self-organizing anf network theories. Is this useful? How can you use this?KNOWLEGDE
• Identify aspects of cognition and perception that are particularly relevant to knowledge environmentsFrom Information to Knowledge
Information is given, but knowledge is constructed!Sequence: Data-Information-Knowledge-Wisdom...?
• IMKE is not only about information, but knowledge (unlike ICT)
Different knowledge can be constructed of same information!
• Cognition
Cognitive science is a cross disciplinary science bridging several disciplines
Information-Knowledge involves transformation:
• confusion - understanding
• neutral - interpreted
• common - private
• bottom - up
Consciousness
What's consciousness?Are animals conscious?
Are machines conscious?
• Is there such thing as consiousness? Dennett
• Homunculus
Homunculus, the little man within you http://faculty.etsu.edu
Can consciousness be explained in terms of computational states? http://www.orianit.edu-negev.gov.il
Memory
Extension of memory? http://www.bath.ac.uk
• Sensory memory
Short time memory: E.g., Miller's Magical Number of Seven (1956)
Long time memory: Memories of childhood
Long time memory
• Memories are constructed from earlier memories• Memory as a process, long-term changes
• Context dependence of memory
• Seven Sins of Memory (preview)
Emotions and consciousness
• Damasio's theory of consciousness (excerpts)• Feeling, emotion, affect are part of cognition (Damasio)
Holism
Mind, body and environment are linked together in many ways and cannot be separated.Feeling and emotion tend to blend with rationality and logic!
• Holism
• Embodied mind
• Situated mind
Mind as motion
Mind as self-organization:• Mind as emergent patterns
• Mind as motion
Gibson's affordance theory
• Gibson's affordance theoryArticle: Gibson's Ecological approach applied to gaming
Neisser's perceptual cycle
METADATA, FOLKSONOMIES AND ONTOLOGIES
Why? Because ontologies have to do with:• Ontology is a core issue in media design
Major global project in the Internet: the Semantic Web initiative
• Multi-perspective media as a potential for CCM
• Is a kind of self-organization
Metadata
• A hidden layer of information associated with content, allowing 'intelligent' linking, filtering and other operations (=data about data)• Puts data into its larger context
Header information
Example: Metadata in HTML, e.g. formats, technologies and standards according to which the data is to be interrpeted• Date
• Creator
Ontology
Introduced earlier.Mauri: The set of defining properties of a content domain.
Gruber: Ontology is the specification of conceptualization
Ontologies are always there, even when they are implicit (usually).
Ontology as means of power
Underlying ontologies reflect their:• priorities, preferences
values of the author or owner of the medium.
• rules
• priorities
• the sequence or access path to content
=> No such things as neutral messages, or neutral media!
Who defines the ontology?
Media design:
• Content that is conceived as important made accessible on a hierarchically high level, while
secondary content is buried in the hierarchy.
=> Ontology is a core issue in media design!
Hard ontologies
Monoperspectival (allow only one way of viewing it).• Fixed perspective
Implicit:
• Embedded in the structure, presentation order or hierarchy
• Assume a priori language, vocabularies, terminology, concepts, e.g. in literature
• Examples
US Congress Library
Carl Linnaeus (Linne')
• Carl Linnaeus' built an extensive taxnomical system of botanics
• Linneaeus botanical taxonomy
• Library classification systems, e.g. US Congress Library classification system
Databases, operating systems etc.
• Search engines, e.g. Yahoo, Google
Website architectures, e.g. web pages, sites, http://www.tlu.ee
Semantic web
• Semantic WebThe web before semantic web
The web after the semantic web
Spatial ontologies
Defined spatially by means of ontological dimensions (ontodimensions).Describe domains of information without a fixed perspective.
Each ontodimension represents a property individual items may or may not have.
Apply to different degrees to each individual item of the domain.
Application areas:
• unbiased knowledge building
• pedagogical purposes
• equality
• ethical content
Implementation of soft ontologies
A soft ontology can be expressed as a matrix, in which columns correspond to items of the domain, and row for the ontological dimensions.
Numeric matrix: Each item taking a value between 0 and 1 on a dimension
Number of dimension open: New features can be added and existing ones may be ignored at will
Collarobative tagging
• Users tag content with their own descriptors = 'folksonomy' = soft ontology• (Content sharing discussed earlier)
• Filckr
• YouTube
• Del.icio.us
• CiteULike
• Shelfari
Etc.
=> Tag space:
• Each tag constitutes an ontological dimension (coordinate)
• How often the tag has been used for each item consitutes the item's position along the particular dimension (coordinate)
Multi-perspective media
• Public contribution to ontologies (e.g. tagging, folksonomies)• Media particularly designed to support multiple equally right/true perspectives to the same domain
• Interactive exploration of multiple perspectives defined by the user
Assignment
• Multi-perspective media experiment with "likings" of community membersAs a collaborative community, contribute to the spatial Likings data, using Google Spreadsheet:
1) Insert (Insert/Column left) a few descriptive columns (="tag dimension"), referring to likings of a community member.
2) Add a line describing yourself, adding a decimal value between 1 and 0 to each column, corresponding to your liking. NOTE: Keep doing this every time someone adds a column.
3) Download this file http://www.tlu.ee/imke/intronm/data/Likings.txt and upload here.
4) Explore the Likings metaspace by setting your PERSPECTIVE, that is, the priority of dimensions you want to consider, using the sliders:
• 0 = ignore dimension
• 0.5 = kind of important dimension
• 1= fully take into account
NOTE: Mauri needs to update this manually (=> not intermediate response)
4) Take snapshots of visualized clusterings from your chosen perspective and NAME them:
• Potential sub-communities (e.g. Carrot-Brahms party)
• Opposing groups
5) Upload the screenshots with your observations to wiki!
Ideas for applications?
Usability problems?
Next time
• Conclusion of the course• Practicalities for the exam
• Street excursion