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Based on this conception of leadership, the research on traits spanned the entire 20th century and numerous investigators began compiling lists of personality traits and ancillary "ability characteristics" associated with leadership.

Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) refer to six traits that differ between leaders and non-leaders.

These traits include:

  • Drive - This trait includes a group of five motives, achievement, ambition, energy, tenacity and initiative, that reflect a high effort level.
  • Leadership Motivation - Leaders must have a strong desire to influence and lead others. They must be willing to assume responsibility.
  • Honesty/Integrity - Without these virtues, leadership is undermined. Honesty and integrity form the foundation of a trusting relationship between leaders and followers.
  • Self-confidence - A person without confidence will not be able to make the difficult decisions required of a leader or instill trust and support for decisions from followers.
  • Cognitive Ability - Leaders must possess a level of intelligence high enough to process large amounts of information and formulate strategies and solve problems.
  • Knowledge of Business - In-depth knowledge of the business allows leaders to make well-informed decisions and understand their consequences.

 

Sirje Virkus, Tallinn University, 2009