Peter G. Northouse (2007, p.18) provides a good summary of the traits and characteristics that were identified by researchers from the trait approach. It can be noticed that some of the traits appear in several studies, whereas others appear in only one or two studies. Northouse has adapted that comparison from "The Bases of Social Power", by J. R. P. French, Jr. and B. Raven, 1962, in D. Cartwright (Ed), Froup Dynamics: Research and Theory (pp. 259-269), New York: Harper and Row.

Tabel 1. Studies of Leadership Traits and Characteristics

Stogdill (1948)	Mann (1959)	Stogdill (1974)	Lord, DeVader and Alliger (1986)	Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991)
Intelligence	Intelligence	Achievement	Intelligence	Drive
Alertness	Masculinity	Persistence	Masculinity	Motivation
Insight	Adjustment	Insight	Dominance	Integrity
Responsibility	Dominance	Initiative		Confidence
Initiative	Extroversion	Self-confidence		Cognitive ability
Persistence	Conservatism	Responsibility		Task knowledge
Self-confidence		Cooperativeness
Sociability		Tolerance
		Influence
		Sociability

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Source: Northouse, P. G. (2007). Leadership: Theory and Practice. 4th ed. (p.18).Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.