A review of the literature has revealed that while the term 'information culture' has been, and is in use, it has not always been well-defined and no one definition has wide acknowledgement or acceptance (Douglas, 2010, p.48).

There are many other related concepts, for example:

• information ecology (Davenport, 1997; Nardi and O'Day, 1999)
• information orientation (Marchand, Kettinger and Rollins, 2000)
• information climate (Correia and Wilson, 2001)
• information sharing culture (Tötterman and Widén-Wulff, 2007)
• information literacy (Hapke, 2012).

Davenport (1997, p.4 as cited in Douglas 2010) describes an information ecology as "an organisation's entire information environment". He suggests that information ecology comprises four parts:

• Information culture - an organisation's values and beliefs about information;
• Information behaviour and work processes - how people use information;
• Information politics - that which inhibits or stops information sharing; and
• Information technology - what systems ate already in place.

Thus, Davenport (1997) includes information culture and behaviours as one of the elements of an organization's information ecology, which "puts how people create, distribute, understand, and use information at its center'' (p.5). He suggests that sharing, handling overload, and dealing with multiple meanings are three behaviours associated with successful information ecologies (as cited in Maclntosh-Murray and Choo, 2002).

Nardi and O'Day (1999) define information ecology as "a system of people practices, values and technologies in a particular local environment" (as cited in Douglas, 2010),

Marchand, Kettinger, and Rollins (2000) describe information orientation as a composite of a company‘s capabilities to effectively manage and use information. Information orientation is comprised of three categories of practices:

• information technology,
• information management, and
• information behaviours and values.