John Paul Kotter's Approach
John Paul Kotter (1990) argued that the functions of the two concepts are quite dissimilar. The central function of management is to provide order and consistency to organizations whereas the leadership is to produce change and movement. Thus, management is about seeking order and stability; leadership is about seeking adaptive and constructive change. He believes that both management and leadership are essential for organizational success (Northouse, 2007, p.10).
MANAGEMENT Produces Order and Consistency |
LEADERSHIP Produces Change and Movement |
Planning and Budgeting
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Establishing Direction
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Organizing and Staffing
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Aligning People
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Controlling and Problem Solving
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Motivating and Inspiring
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Figure 1. Functions of management and Leadership. Source: Northouse, P. G. (2007). Leadership: Theory and Practice. 4th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Adapted from A Force for Change: How Leadership Differs From Management (pp.3-8, by J. P. Kotter, 1990, New York: Free Press.
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Sirje Virkus, Tallinn University, 2009